![\"Star\u00e1](\"https:\/\/images.luga.bg\/2026\/09\/anhialo-1907-solnitsi.jpg\")
So\u013en\u00e9 panvy a mesto Anchialos, 1907 (vo\u013en\u00e9 dielo)<\/p><\/div>\n
Kde st\u00e1la najstar\u0161ia osada?<\/h2>\n
Stopy po najstar\u0161ej pevnosti Anchiala sa doteraz nena\u0161li. \u013dudov\u00e1 trad\u00edcia aj archeologick\u00e9 v\u00fdskumy nazna\u010duj\u00fa, \u017ee zvy\u0161ky starej osady sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa na za\u010diatku Pomorijsk\u00e9ho po\u013ea, mimo polostrova, v lokalite Palaiokastro (z gr\u00e9ckeho \u201epalaios\u201c \u2013 star\u00fd, d\u00e1vny, a \u201ekastro(n)\u201c \u2013 pevnos\u0165), kde je dnes mestsk\u00e1 \u0161tvr\u0165. Dlhoro\u010dn\u00e9 pozorovania a vykop\u00e1vky veden\u00e9 od roku 1966 tam v\u0161ak osadu z tejto skorej epochy nepreuk\u00e1zali \u2013 n\u00e1lezy poch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa z ove\u013ea neskor\u0161ieho obdobia, ke\u010f sa tieto miesta stali s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou R\u00edmskej r\u00ed\u0161e.<\/p>\n
Ani skromn\u00fd archeologick\u00fd materi\u00e1l neprin\u00e1\u0161a jasnos\u0165. Ran\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy sa objavili na r\u00f4znych miestach a pri r\u00f4znych pr\u00edle\u017eitostiach: pri podvodn\u00fdch v\u00fdskumoch v z\u00e1live pred dne\u0161n\u00fdm mestom sa na\u0161li kamenn\u00e9 kotvy z druhej polovice II. tis\u00edcro\u010dia pred Kr., kamenn\u00e9 a oloven\u00e9 \u0161toky kotiev, pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 v plavbe od konca VII. stor. do konca I. tis\u00edcro\u010dia pred Kr., amfory zo IV.\u2013III. stor. pred Kr. a i.<\/p>\n
Nejasn\u00fd je aj osud osady po\u010das b\u00farliv\u00e9ho I. stor. pred Kr., ke\u010f sa pobre\u017eie stalo ter\u010dom vojensk\u00fdch v\u00fdprav r\u00edmskych vojvodcov Marka Luculla (zima 72\/71 pred Kr., kedy bola Apoll\u00f3nia dobyt\u00e1, vyp\u00e1len\u00e1 a vyplienen\u00e1), Gaia Antonia Hybridu (62\/61 pred Kr.) a Marka Licinia Crassa (29\/28 pred Kr.), po ktor\u00fdch pobre\u017eie definit\u00edvne pre\u0161lo pod r\u00edmsku moc.<\/p>\n
Hradby, zni\u010den\u00e9 vo vojne medzi Mesambriou a Apoll\u00f3niou, boli obnoven\u00e9. Ke\u010f v roku 9 po Kr. na cestu do vyhnanstva v Tomis (dnes Constan\u021ba) pl\u00e1val Ovidius \u2014 jeden z troch ve\u013ek\u00fdch poetov \u201eZlat\u00e9ho veku r\u00edmskej po\u00e9zie\u201c \u2014 popri Anchialose, zaznamenal ho ako osadu s hradbami. Je zrejm\u00e9, \u017ee \u201emeste\u010dko\u201c zost\u00e1valo jednou z v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch os\u00e1d z\u00e1padopontsk\u00e9ho pobre\u017eia.<\/p>\n
Tr\u00e1cke mesto s gr\u00e9cky znej\u00facim menom<\/h2>\n
V prv\u00fdch desa\u0165ro\u010diach I. stor. po Kr. bol Anchialos centrom strat\u00e9gie \u2014 skuto\u010dnos\u0165 dolo\u017een\u00e1 nieko\u013ek\u00fdmi n\u00e1pismi, ktor\u00e1 jeho ran\u00fa hist\u00f3riu predstavuje v inom svetle. Syst\u00e9m strat\u00e9gi\u00ed bol do spr\u00e1vy Tr\u00e1cie zaveden\u00fd pravdepodobne u\u017e v helenistickej epoche, a v polovici a druhej polovici I. stor. pred Kr. existoval s istotou. Ke\u010f Rimania premenili Tr\u00e1ciu na provinciu, bola rozdelen\u00e1 na pribli\u017ene 50 strat\u00e9gi\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Samotn\u00e9 podmanenie Tr\u00e1cie bolo dlh\u00fdm a bolestiv\u00fdm procesom. Posledn\u00e9 samostatn\u00e9 tr\u00e1cke kr\u00e1\u013eovstvo si zachovalo nez\u00e1vislos\u0165 v spojenectve s R\u00edmom ako vazalsk\u00fd \u0161t\u00e1t. V tomto poslednom obdob\u00ed (11 pred Kr. \u2013 45 po Kr.) zaberalo rozsiahle \u00fazemie \u2014 od Marmarsk\u00e9ho mora po rieke Marica k Strume a po \u010dernomorskom pobre\u017e\u00ed a\u017e k Dunaju \u2014 a zachovalo star\u00e9 delenie na strat\u00e9gie, do ktor\u00fdch hran\u00edc patrili aj \u010dernomorsk\u00e9 mest\u00e1.<\/p>\n
Z tohto obdobia poch\u00e1dza zmienka o strat\u00e9govi Anchialosu s menom Apollonios, syn Eptaikenta<\/strong>, zn\u00e1mom zo s\u00e9rie n\u00e1pisov zo samotn\u00e9ho Anchialosu i z bli\u017e\u0161\u00edch a vzdialenej\u0161\u00edch miest. Poch\u00e1dzal zo starovek\u00e9ho tr\u00e1ckeho mesta Bizya (dnes Vize, ne\u010faleko Edirne) \u2014 hlavn\u00e9ho mesta poslednej tr\u00e1ckej dynastie Rhoimetalka I. Prijal gr\u00e9cke meno Apollonios, no jeho otec si zachoval tr\u00e1cke meno Eptaikentos; aj jeho \u017eena nosila gr\u00e9cke meno Leonto, ale jej otec mal tr\u00e1cke meno Aulodzenes \u2014 rodina zn\u00e1ma aj z in\u00e9ho n\u00e1pisu z Anchialosu. Preto mo\u017eno prija\u0165, \u017ee syn Tr\u00e1ka z Bizye sa stal za\u0165om anchialoskej rodiny Aulodzenes a tak bol prijat\u00fd za strat\u00e9ga Anchialoskej oblasti.<\/p>\nVo\u013eba Anchialosu za centrum strat\u00e9gie v tr\u00e1ckom kr\u00e1\u013eovstve vyzer\u00e1 na prv\u00fd poh\u013ead zvl\u00e1\u0161tne \u2014 gr\u00e9cke mesto, pod\u013ea Strab\u00f3na, ako s\u00eddlo tr\u00e1ckeho oblastn\u00e9ho spr\u00e1vcu. In\u00fd tak\u00fdto pr\u00edpad v tr\u00e1ckom \u0161t\u00e1te nie je zn\u00e1my. Anchialos bol o\u010dividne oporou tr\u00e1ckych vl\u00e1dcov v\u010faka v\u00fdrazn\u00e9mu tr\u00e1ckemu prvku v \u0148om.<\/p>\n
Tr\u00e1cke obyvate\u013estvo zostalo charakteristickou \u010drtou mesta aj nesk\u00f4r, ke\u010f u\u017e bolo r\u00edmske \u2014 ranobyzantsk\u00fd historik Prokopios (VI. stor.) v\u00fdslovne pod\u010diarkuje: \u201eTr\u00e1kovia ob\u00fdvaj\u00fa jedno pr\u00edmorsk\u00e9 mesto na Euxinskom Ponte, menom Anchialos.\u201c Po\u010detn\u00e9 tr\u00e1cke mohyly v bezprostrednej bl\u00edzkosti star\u00e9ho mesta, na \u00fazem\u00ed mestsk\u00e9ho nekropolu, nenech\u00e1vaj\u00fa pochybnosti o tr\u00e1ckej pr\u00edslu\u0161nosti obyvate\u013estva. Pod n\u00e1sypom jednej z tak\u00fdch moh\u00fdl sa nach\u00e1dza aj sl\u00e1vna Pomorijsk\u00e1 hrobka<\/strong> \u2014 v skuto\u010dnosti tr\u00e1cky heroon z neskor\u0161ej doby.<\/p>\nZ \u010dasu strat\u00e9ga Apollonia alebo z o nie\u010do neskor\u0161ieho obdobia poch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa tri tr\u00e1cke mohyly, odkryt\u00e9 v tretej \u0161tvrtine minul\u00e9ho storo\u010dia, s v\u00fdnimo\u010dne bohat\u00fdmi pohrebn\u00fdmi darmi. V jednej z nich sa na\u0161lo pohrebisko bohatej Tr\u00e1\u010danky s mnoh\u00fdmi zlat\u00fdmi ozdobami; na jednej z nich je vyryt\u00e9 jej meno \u2014 Leseskepra<\/strong>. Kultov\u00e9 predmety, ktor\u00e9 ju sprev\u00e1dzaj\u00fa na druh\u00fd svet, ukazuj\u00fa, \u017ee medzi anchialoskou tr\u00e1ckou aristokraciou sa zachovali star\u00e9 tr\u00e1cke trad\u00edcie.<\/p>\nTak sa ukazuje, \u017ee Anchialos mal in\u00fd p\u00f4vod \u2014 tr\u00e1cku osadu, pravdepodobne nesk\u00f4r pripojen\u00fa k \u00fazemiu Apoll\u00f3nie. O jeho tr\u00e1ckom charaktere sved\u010d\u00ed aj in\u00e9 vysvetlenie n\u00e1zvu: z tr\u00e1ckeho (alebo predgr\u00e9cko-tr\u00e1ckeho) \u201eAchelon\u201c, od \u201eachel\u201c \u2014 voda, ako sa naz\u00fdvala aj bl\u00edzka rieka Acheloj, pri\u010dom n\u00e1zov sa nesk\u00f4r zmenil pre pribl\u00ed\u017eenie ku gr\u00e9ckemu Anchialos. Ak\u00e9 bolo usporiadanie osady v tomto ranom obdob\u00ed, sa d\u00e1 zatia\u013e len h\u00e1da\u0165 \u2014 a \u010daka\u0165 na nov\u00e9 objavy.<\/p>\n
Ulpia Anchialos \u2014 najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed r\u00edmsky pr\u00edstav Tr\u00e1cie<\/h2>\n
Miesto mesta \u2014 s\u00eddla Apollonia \u2014 st\u00e1le nie je zn\u00e1me. V roku 45 Rimania zlikvidovali samostatnos\u0165 tr\u00e1ckeho kr\u00e1\u013eovstva a premenili ho na provinciu na \u010dele s r\u00edmskym spr\u00e1vcom. Tr\u00e1cka aristokracia sa prisp\u00f4sobila a bola pritiahnut\u00e1 do spr\u00e1vy provincie i osady. Anchialos, ktor\u00fd z\u00edskal auton\u00f3miu, bol vyhl\u00e1sen\u00fd za mesto za cis\u00e1ra Traj\u00e1na (98\u2013117) spolu s \u010fal\u0161\u00edmi \u0161tyrmi star\u00fdmi tr\u00e1ckymi osadami \u2014 Serdikou (Sofia), Pautaliou (Kjustendil), Nicopolisom ad Nestum (ne\u010faleko Goce Del\u010dev) a Topirom (dnes v ruin\u00e1ch pri \u00fast\u00ed rieky Mesta). Traj\u00e1nov akt legalizoval proces, ktor\u00fd sa sformoval u\u017e v predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facej epoche. Nov\u00e9 mest\u00e1 z\u00edskali pr\u00e1vo a povinnos\u0165 nosi\u0165 rodov\u00e9 meno cis\u00e1ra \u2014 Ulpia<\/strong>.<\/p>\nMesto dostalo usporiadanie ostatn\u00fdch z\u00e1padopontsk\u00fdch miest: v\u0161etci slobodn\u00ed ob\u010dania vstupovali do \u013dudov\u00e9ho zhroma\u017edenia (D\u00e9mos), ktor\u00e9 volilo riadiacu Radu (B\u00fal\u00e9). Anchialos z\u00edskal aj vlastn\u00e9 \u00fazemie, ktor\u00e9 po cis\u00e1rovi Hadri\u00e1novi hrani\u010dilo na z\u00e1pade s \u00fazem\u00edm Augusty Traiany (Stara Zagora) a dosahovalo rieku Tund\u017eu, na severe s Mesambriou a na juhu ju\u017en\u00fd breh dne\u0161n\u00e9ho Burgask\u00e9ho jazera, odkia\u013e za\u010d\u00ednalo \u00fazemie Deulta (dnes Debelt). Toto ve\u013ek\u00e9 \u00fazemie odli\u0161ovalo Anchialos od ostatn\u00fdch z\u00e1pado\u010dernomorsk\u00fdch miest, ktor\u00fdch pozemky sa v r\u00edmskej dobe zmen\u0161ovali.<\/p>\n
Po vyhl\u00e1sen\u00ed za mesto bol Anchialos vybudovan\u00fd ve\u013ekoryso, tak ako ostatn\u00e9 r\u00edmske mest\u00e1, pod\u013ea tzv. Hippodamovho syst\u00e9mu<\/strong>. Chrbticou urbanistick\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nu s\u00fa dve hlavn\u00e9 ulice \u2013 \u201ecardo maximus\u201c (sever \u2013 juh) a \u201edecumanus maximus\u201c (v\u00fdchod \u2013 z\u00e1pad), pri\u010dom s\u00fabe\u017ene s nimi ved\u00fa u\u017e\u0161ie ulice.<\/p>\nR\u00edmsky Anchialos le\u017eal na za\u010diatku dne\u0161nej Pomorskej n\u00ed\u017einy, mimo polostrova, asi 3 km z\u00e1pado-severoz\u00e1padne od centra s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9ho mesta, v lokalite Paleokastro. Vykop\u00e1vky a geofyzik\u00e1lne prieskumy ukazuj\u00fa, \u017ee mesto zaberalo plochu ohrani\u010den\u00fa z v\u00fdchodu a severu Slan\u00fdm jazerom, zo z\u00e1padu pribli\u017ene po kri\u017eovatku ciest Pomorie \u2013 Slne\u010dn\u00e9 pobre\u017eie a Burgas \u2013 Slne\u010dn\u00e9 pobre\u017eie a z juhu l\u00edniou medzi kl\u00e1\u0161torom sv. Juraja a morom. Anchialos sa rozprestieral na viac ne\u017e 120 hekt\u00e1roch<\/strong> \u2013 bol rozlohou najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm mestom r\u00edmskeho obdobia v starovekej Tr\u00e1cii.<\/p>\nMesto obop\u00ednali pevn\u00e9 hradby s br\u00e1nami na \u0161tyroch koncoch dvoch hlavn\u00fdch ul\u00edc. S\u00fadiac pod\u013ea jednej emisie minc\u00ed st\u00e1la nad br\u00e1nou k pr\u00edstavu socha boha mora Poseid\u00f3na \u2013 vzpriamen\u00e9ho, s trojzubcom v jednej ruke a hipokampom (b\u00e1jnym tvorom \u2013 napoly ko\u0148om, napoly rybou) v druhej: tzv. Poseid\u00f3n Propylaios, ochranca br\u00e1n. Voda prich\u00e1dzala z\u010faleka \u2013 z prame\u0148ov pri dne\u0161nej obci Rudnik \u2013 murovan\u00fdm vodovodom.<\/p>\n
Mimo hradieb sa nach\u00e1dzala nekropola. Zatia\u013e sa d\u00e1 najlep\u0161ie sledova\u0165 na severoz\u00e1pade a z\u00e1pade, na vysokej planine, kde s\u00fa aj po\u010detn\u00e9 tr\u00e1cke mohyly \u2013 svedectvo o akt\u00edvnej \u00fa\u010dasti majetn\u00fdch Tr\u00e1kov na politickom, hospod\u00e1rskom a kult\u00farnom \u017eivote mesta. Stopy po mohyl\u00e1ch, silne zn\u00ed\u017een\u00fdch oran\u00edm, vidno aj severne od Paleokastra, pri ceste na Slne\u010dn\u00e9 pobre\u017eie.<\/p>\n
Anchialos zdobili sochy bo\u017estiev a zbo\u017e\u0161ten\u00fdch cis\u00e1rov \u2013 pod\u013ea minc\u00ed mo\u017eno usudzova\u0165 na sochy Poseid\u00f3na, H\u00e1da-Sarapida a Concordie. Mesto vzt\u00fd\u010dilo aj sochy cis\u00e1rov Caracallu a Alexandra Severa, pravdepodobne na po\u010des\u0165 ich n\u00e1v\u0161tev.<\/p>\n
V 2. \u2013 3. storo\u010d\u00ed za\u017e\u00edval Anchialos ve\u013ek\u00fd rozkvet \u2013 v\u010faka svojmu pohodln\u00e9mu pr\u00edstavu a polohe na kri\u017eovatke ciest sp\u00e1jaj\u00facich Tr\u00e1ciu s M\u00e9ziou pozd\u013a\u017e pobre\u017eia a vn\u00fatrozemie s morom. Jeho pr\u00edstav bol najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm dovozno-v\u00fdvozn\u00fdm bodom provincie Tr\u00e1cia<\/strong> a z\u00e1soboval r\u00edmske vojsk\u00e1 po\u010das Traj\u00e1nov\u00fdch v\u00fdchodn\u00fdch transbalk\u00e1nskych \u0165a\u017een\u00ed. Jeho v\u00fdznam sa opakovane zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje aj na minciach mesta.<\/p>\nOsobitn\u00fd rozkvet dosiahlo mesto za dynastie Severovcov. Pravdepodobne na po\u010des\u0165 n\u00e1v\u0161tevy cis\u00e1ra Septimia Severa (okolo rokov 209 \u2013 211) sa konali sl\u00e1vnosti, zaznamenan\u00e9 na viacer\u00fdch emisi\u00e1ch minc\u00ed ako \u201eSeveria Nymphia\u201c<\/strong> \u2013 \u0161portov\u00e9 hry pod\u013ea vzoru sl\u00e1vnych P\u00fdtijsk\u00fdch hier v Delf\u00e1ch. Opakovali sa pravidelne a zrejme pokra\u010dovali a\u017e do \u010dias cis\u00e1ra Gordiana III. (238 \u2013 244). Ich konanie predpoklad\u00e1 aj existenciu \u0161tadi\u00f3na, ktor\u00e9ho objavenie e\u0161te len \u010dak\u00e1.<\/p>\nN\u00e1zov \u201eNymphia\u201c nie je n\u00e1hodn\u00fd \u2013 vych\u00e1dza z ve\u013ekej \u00facty, ktorej sa v Anchialose te\u0161ili nymfy, zosobnenia prame\u0148ov, lesov a h\u00f4r. Uctievan\u00e9 boli Tri nymfy, ochrankyne miner\u00e1lnych prame\u0148ov. Na \u00fazem\u00ed Anchialosu le\u017eali v staroveku povestn\u00e9 Aquae Calidae (dne\u0161n\u00e9 Burgask\u00e9 miner\u00e1lne k\u00fapele), vtedy naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 aj Anchialsk\u00e9 k\u00fapele; zd\u00e1 sa, \u017ee sv\u00e4ty\u0148a Troch n\u00fdmf st\u00e1la priamo pri k\u00fape\u013eoch. D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 miesto v ob\u017eive zauj\u00edmalo po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstvo a vinohradn\u00edctvo \u2013 u\u017e vtedy sa obyvatelia Anchialosu presl\u00e1vili ako dobr\u00ed vinohradn\u00edci a vin\u00e1ri, a t\u00e1to sl\u00e1va ich sprev\u00e1dza dodnes.<\/p>\n
G\u00f3ti, Avari a cis\u00e1ri<\/h2>\n
Pokojn\u00fd \u017eivot mesta trv\u00e1 do polovice 3. storo\u010dia. Odvtedy za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00fa na juh od Dunaja prenika\u0165 ve\u013ek\u00e9 masy G\u00f3tov, Sarmatov a Karpov. V roku 250 prech\u00e1dzaj\u00fa G\u00f3ti cez Tr\u00e1ciu a obliehaj\u00fa Philippopolis (Plovdiv); v rokoch 254 a 255 G\u00f3ti, Karpovia a Burgundi op\u00e4\u0165 prech\u00e1dzaj\u00fa na juh od Hemu; v rokoch 257 \u2013 258 sa Tervingovia a Karpovia plavia popri z\u00e1padnom brehu \u010cierneho mora a\u017e do Malej \u00c1zie. Pod\u013ea jednej spr\u00e1vy G\u00f3ti napadli Anchialos \u2013 pravdepodobne v roku 270 \u2013 a \u201er\u00fdchlo ho dobyli\u201c. Zostali tu \u201emnoho dn\u00ed a u\u017e\u00edvali si k\u00fapele s teplou vodou, ktor\u00e9 sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa pri dvan\u00e1stom m\u00ed\u013eniku od mesta Anchialos a vyvieraj\u00fa z hlb\u00edn svojho ohniv\u00e9ho prame\u0148a\u201c.<\/p>\n
Presn\u00fd osud Anchialosu v tom \u010dase nie je zn\u00e1my, no takmer 30 rokov trvaj\u00face pochody severn\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov v M\u00e9zii a Tr\u00e1cii priniesli ve\u013ek\u00e9 hospod\u00e1rske, politick\u00e9 a kult\u00farne zmeny, ktor\u00e9 na\u0161li vyjadrenie v reform\u00e1ch cis\u00e1ra Diokleci\u00e1na. Existuje spr\u00e1va, \u017ee Diokleci\u00e1ns nav\u0161t\u00edvil Anchialos a zdr\u017eal sa tu od 28. do 30. okt\u00f3bra 294.<\/p>\n
S reformami Diokleci\u00e1na a Kon\u0161tant\u00edna Ve\u013ek\u00e9ho sa Anchialos st\u00e1va s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou novej provincie Haemimontus s hlavn\u00fdm mestom Hadrianopolis (dne\u0161n\u00e9 Edirne), v ktorej zohr\u00e1va v\u00fdznamn\u00fa \u00falohu. Po presune hlavn\u00e9ho mesta do Kon\u0161tant\u00ednopolu sa mesto st\u00e1va d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm pre jeho z\u00e1sobovanie potravinami a zauj\u00edma k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 miesto v bojoch V\u00fdchodor\u00edmskej r\u00ed\u0161e s n\u00e1rodmi zo severu. 5. a 6. storo\u010die je sledom udalost\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 neobi\u0161li ani Anchialos:<\/p>\n
\n- Rok 476<\/strong> \u2013 vodca G\u00f3tov Teodorich vyr\u00e1\u017ea z Marcianopolu, prech\u00e1dza cez Haemus (Star\u00e1 planina) a Anchialos a mieri na Hadrianopolis.<\/li>\n
- Roky 513 \u2013 515<\/strong> \u2013 vysok\u00fd byzantsk\u00fd vojvodca Vitalianus Tr\u00e1cky sa b\u00fari proti cis\u00e1rovi Anast\u00e1ziovi, nakr\u00e1tko si podma\u0148uje \u010diernomorsk\u00e9 pobre\u017eie a dob\u00fdva Odessos (Varna) a Anchialos. Na akci\u00e1ch proti Kon\u0161tant\u00ednopolu sa z\u00fa\u010dast\u0148uje okolo 200 lod\u00ed z pr\u00edstavov Odessos, Anchialos a Sozopol. Povstanie trv\u00e1 do roku 515, ke\u010f sa porazen\u00fd Vitalianus stiahne do Anchialosu.<\/li>\n
- Rok 584<\/strong> \u2013 po\u010das ve\u013ek\u00e9ho vp\u00e1du Avarov a Slovanov je dobyt\u00fdch mnoho miest vo vn\u00fatrozem\u00ed polostrova, medzi nimi aj Anchialos. Hradby pevnosti s\u00fa zboren\u00e9, mesto aj jeho okolie spusto\u0161en\u00e9. Avarsk\u00fd kagan Bajan v\u0161ak prikazuje ner\u00faca\u0165 m\u00fary Anchialsk\u00fdch k\u00fape\u013eov a Anchialos premie\u0148a na nieko\u013eko mesiacov na svoju rezidenciu. Tu uzatv\u00e1ra \u010fal\u0161\u00ed mier s byzantsk\u00fdm cis\u00e1rom v\u00fdmenou za da\u0148 100 000 zlat\u00fdch minc\u00ed.<\/li>\n
- Rok 585<\/strong> \u2013 byzantsk\u00fd vojvodca Comentiolus zhroma\u017e\u010fuje v Anchialose vojsko a zostavuje tri oddiely na vojnu proti Avarom a Slovanom.<\/li>\n
- Rok 591<\/strong> \u2013 cis\u00e1r Maurikios sa pripravuje na \u0165a\u017eenie, dost\u00e1va sa do Anchialosu a str\u00e1vi tu pribli\u017ene 15 dn\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Anchialos medzi Bulharskom a Byzanciou<\/h2>\n
Po vzniku bulharsk\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1tu v roku 681 \u00faloha Anchialosu ako medzi\u010dl\u00e1nku vo vz\u0165ahoch medzi Byzanciou a Bulharskom r\u00e1stla:<\/p>\n
\n- 708<\/strong> \u2014 cis\u00e1r Justini\u00e1n II. poru\u0161il mier uzavret\u00fd s ch\u00e1nom Tervelom tri roky predt\u00fdm a vytiahol po s\u00fa\u0161i i po mori proti mlad\u00e9mu bulharsk\u00e9mu \u0161t\u00e1tu. Dorazil k Anchialosu, zakotvil lo\u010fstvo a jazdu rozlo\u017eil t\u00e1borom na pl\u00e1ni. Bulhari za\u00fato\u010dili a Byzant\u00edncov rozdrvili. Cis\u00e1r sa ukryl za hradbami, po troch d\u0148och dal podreza\u0165 \u0161\u013eachy svojim ko\u0148om a tajne odpl\u00e1val do Kon\u0161tant\u00ednopolu.<\/li>\n
- 30. j\u00fan 763<\/strong> \u2014 pred hradbami Anchialosu utrpeli bulharsk\u00e9 vojsk\u00e1 veden\u00e9 ch\u00e1nom Telecom por\u00e1\u017eku; cis\u00e1r Kon\u0161tant\u00edn V. Kopronymos osl\u00e1vil v\u00ed\u0165azstvo ve\u013ekolep\u00fdm triumfom.<\/li>\n
- 21. j\u00fan 766<\/strong> \u2014 ten ist\u00fd Kon\u0161tant\u00edn V. zorganizoval nov\u00fa v\u00fdpravu a vyslal k Anchialosu 2600 \u0165a\u017ek\u00fdch vojnov\u00fdch lod\u00ed (chelandi\u00ed) s obrovsk\u00fdm vojskom. Pri kotven\u00ed sa strhla b\u00farka, ve\u013ek\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 lod\u00ed sa potopila a v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina vojakov sa utopila. 17. j\u00fala bol cis\u00e1r n\u00faten\u00fd vr\u00e1ti\u0165 sa do hlavn\u00e9ho mesta. Objavenie zvy\u0161kov tohto obrovsk\u00e9ho lo\u010fstva je l\u00e1kadlom pre ka\u017ed\u00e9ho podmorsk\u00e9ho archeol\u00f3ga.<\/li>\n
- M\u00e1j 783<\/strong> \u2014 byzantsk\u00e1 cis\u00e1rovn\u00e1 Irena, poru\u010dn\u00ed\u010dka malolet\u00e9ho Kon\u0161tant\u00edna VI., demon\u0161trat\u00edvne pre\u0161la cez Tr\u00e1ciu a obnovila Anchialos, zni\u010den\u00fd v predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facich bojoch.<\/li>\n
- 812<\/strong> \u2014 Anchialos spolu s \u010fal\u0161\u00edmi juho\u010diernomorsk\u00fdmi mestami prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t pre\u0161iel do bulharsk\u00fdch r\u00fak za ch\u00e1na Kruma. Pravdepodobne vtedy dostal protobulharsk\u00fd n\u00e1zov Tutchon, ktor\u00fd sa v\u0161ak nepresadil. Krum v meste usadil zna\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estvo Slovanov a Protobulharov. Byzancia z\u00edskala t\u00fato \u010das\u0165 pobre\u017eia sp\u00e4\u0165 v roku 864.<\/li>\n
- 20. august 917<\/strong> \u2014 ve\u013ek\u00e1 bitka medzi Bulharmi veden\u00fdmi c\u00e1rom Simeonom a Byzant\u00edncami pod velen\u00edm Leva Foku na pl\u00e1ni pred Anchialosom. Byzant\u00ednci utrpeli katastrof\u00e1lnu por\u00e1\u017eku a samotn\u00fd vojvodca sa len taktak zachr\u00e1nil za hradbami nesebarskej pevnosti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Tieto udalosti sved\u010dia o ve\u013ekom v\u00fdzname anchialskej pevnosti pre nadvl\u00e1du nad \u010ciernomor\u00edm i vn\u00fatrozem\u00edm krajiny v obdob\u00ed ran\u00e9ho stredoveku (7.\u201310. storo\u010die).<\/p>\n
Po roku 971, ke\u010f Bulharsko dobyla Byzancia, sa Anchialos op\u00e4\u0165 stal byzantsk\u00fdm. Dve storo\u010dia zostalo mesto byzantsk\u00fdm majetkom a jeho v\u00fdznam ve\u013ek\u00e9ho pr\u00edstavn\u00e9ho centra r\u00e1stol. Po osloboden\u00ed Bulharska bolo mesto na\u010falej \u201ejablkom sv\u00e1ru\u201c, no jeho v\u00fdznam postupne ust\u00fapil susedn\u00e9mu Nesebaru. Neust\u00e1le striedanie vl\u00e1dcov \u2014 mesto prech\u00e1dzalo do\u010dasne raz do jedn\u00fdch, raz do druh\u00fdch r\u00fak \u2014 sa nepriaznivo odr\u00e1\u017ealo na jeho hospod\u00e1rskom postaven\u00ed. V okt\u00f3bri 1366 padol Anchialos, rovnako ako ostatn\u00e9 mest\u00e1 z\u00e1padn\u00e9ho \u010ciernomoria, do r\u00fak ben\u00e1tskych rytierov Amadea VI. Savojsk\u00e9ho, spojencov oslabenej Byzancie.<\/p>\n
Aby mohol st\u00e1\u0165 v centre t\u00fdchto neust\u00e1lych konfliktov, bol Anchialos silne opevnen\u00fd. Kde sa nach\u00e1dzalo stredovek\u00e9 mesto? Existuje domnienka, \u017ee bolo presunut\u00e9 na koniec polostrova, kde dnes le\u017e\u00ed Pomorie, po\u010das opev\u0148ovac\u00edch pr\u00e1c Ireny v roku 783. Doteraj\u0161ie pozorovania to v\u0161ak nepotvrdzuj\u00fa \u2014 osada sa na polostrov pres\u0165ahovala pravdepodobne najsk\u00f4r po 12. storo\u010d\u00ed. Stopy po tomto novom Anchialose sa zatia\u013e nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa len na v\u00fdchodnom okraji polostrova: zvy\u0161ky hradieb z 13.\u201314. storo\u010dia pod takzvan\u00fdmi Javorov\u00fdmi skalami.<\/p>\n
Posledn\u00e9 \u00fato\u010disko Byzancie<\/h2>\n
Takto sa \u010diernomorsk\u00e9 mest\u00e1 ju\u017ene od Hemu do\u010dkali prv\u00e9ho pr\u00edchodu osmansk\u00fdch dobyvate\u013eov v okt\u00f3bri 1396. Pol storo\u010dia prech\u00e1dzal Anchialos raz do byzantsk\u00fdch, raz do tureck\u00fdch r\u00fak, a\u017e napokon v roku 1453, spolu s dobyt\u00edm Kon\u0161tant\u00ednopolu, definit\u00edvne pripadol osmanskej moci.<\/p>\n
Mesto sa stalo centrom kazy (okresu) s tromi nahijami \u2014 anchialskou, sozopolskou a achtopolskou \u2014 a stalo sa najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm administrat\u00edvnym centrom juhov\u00fdchodn\u00e9ho Bulharska. V t\u00fdchto hraniciach, spolu s karnobatsk\u00fdm krajom, sa Anchialos stal aj centrom ve\u013ekej eparchie Carihradsk\u00e9ho patriarch\u00e1tu. Jeho v\u00fdznam hospod\u00e1rskeho, administrat\u00edvneho a kult\u00farneho centra sa nezmenil a\u017e do za\u010diatku 19. storo\u010dia.<\/p>\n
Po p\u00e1de Kon\u0161tant\u00ednopolu sa Anchialos stal posledn\u00fdm \u00fato\u010diskom mnoh\u00fdch predstavite\u013eov byzantskej aristokracie \u2014 rodov Palaiologovcov, Dukovcov, Kantakuzenovcov, Chrysoverginovcov, Vatatzesovcov a \u010fal\u0161\u00edch. Niektor\u00ed z nich, ako Michail Kantakuzenos, zohrali ve\u013ek\u00fa \u00falohu v hospod\u00e1rskom a kult\u00farnom rozkvete \u010diernomorsk\u00e9ho mesta.<\/p>\n
Zdroj: pomorietown.wordpress.com<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Od tr\u00e1ckej osady a \u201emeste\u010dka Apol\u00f3n\u010danov\u201c a\u017e po najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed r\u00edmsky pr\u00edstav v Tr\u00e1cii, boje ch\u00e1na Kruma a c\u00e1ra Simeona a posledn\u00e9 \u00fato\u010disko byzantsk\u00fdch aristokratov.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":102789,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4480],"tags":[4489,4493,4572,4519,4614],"class_list":["post-102786","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zaujimavosti-sk","tag-anchialo-sk-2","tag-pomorie-sk-2","tag-pomorie-sk","tag-starovek-sk","tag-tradicia-sk","post-with-thumbnail","post-with-thumbnail-icon"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n
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