![\"Carte](\"https:\/\/images.luga.bg\/2026\/09\/anhialo-1907-solnitsi.jpg\")
Salinele \u0219i ora\u0219ul Anchialos, 1907 (domeniu public)<\/p><\/div>\n
Unde se afla cea mai veche a\u0219ezare?<\/h2>\n
Urme ale celei mai vechi cet\u0103\u021bi a Anchialosului nu au fost descoperite p\u00e2n\u0103 acum. Tradi\u021bia popular\u0103 \u0219i cercet\u0103rile arheologice arat\u0103 c\u0103 r\u0103m\u0103\u0219i\u021be ale unei a\u0219ez\u0103ri vechi se g\u0103sesc la \u00eenceputul c\u00e2mpului Pomoriei, \u00een afara peninsulei, \u00een locul numit Paleokastro (din grecescul \u201epalaios\u201d \u2014 vechi, antic, \u0219i \u201ekastro(n)\u201d \u2014 cetate), unde ast\u0103zi se afl\u0103 un cartier al ora\u0219ului. Observa\u021biile \u00eendelungate \u0219i s\u0103p\u0103turile efectuate \u00eencep\u00e2nd din 1966 nu arat\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 acolo o a\u0219ezare din aceast\u0103 epoc\u0103 timpurie \u2014 vestigiile provin dintr-o perioad\u0103 mult mai t\u00e2rzie, c\u00e2nd aceste locuri intrau \u00een hotarele Imperiului Roman.<\/p>\n
Nici materialul arheologic s\u0103rac nu aduce mai mult\u0103 claritate. Descoperiri timpurii au fost f\u0103cute \u00een locuri diferite \u0219i cu prilejuri diferite: \u00een cadrul cercet\u0103rilor subacvatice din golful aflat \u00een fa\u021ba ora\u0219ului de ast\u0103zi au fost g\u0103site ancore de piatr\u0103 din a doua jum\u0103tate a mileniului II \u00ee.Hr., tije de piatr\u0103 \u0219i de plumb provenind de la ancore folosite \u00een naviga\u021bie de la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului VII p\u00e2n\u0103 la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul mileniului I \u00ee.Hr., amfore din secolele IV\u2013III \u00ee.Hr. \u0219i altele.<\/p>\n
Nu este clar\u0103 nici soarta a\u0219ez\u0103rii \u00een tumultuosul secol I \u00ee.Hr., c\u00e2nd litoralul este cuprins de campaniile comandan\u021bilor romani Marcus Lucullus (iarna anului 72\/71 \u00ee.Hr., c\u00e2nd Apollonia este cucerit\u0103, incendiat\u0103 \u0219i jefuit\u0103), Caius Antonius Hybrida (62\/61 \u00ee.Hr.) \u0219i Marcus Licinius Crassus (29\/28 \u00ee.Hr.), dup\u0103 care litoralul trece definitiv sub st\u0103p\u00e2nire roman\u0103.<\/p>\n
Zidul de ap\u0103rare, distrus \u00een r\u0103zboiul dintre Mesambria \u0219i Apollonia, a fost ref\u0103cut. C\u00e2nd, \u00een anul 9 d.Hr., \u00een drum spre exilul s\u0103u la Tomis (ast\u0103zi Constan\u021ba), Ovidiu \u2014 unul dintre cei trei mari poe\u021bi ai \u201eEpocii de aur a poeziei romane\u201c \u2014 trece cu corabia pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 Anchialos, el \u00eel consemneaz\u0103 ca pe o a\u0219ezare cu zid de ap\u0103rare. Este limpede c\u0103 \u201eor\u0103\u0219elul\u201c a continuat s\u0103 fie una dintre a\u0219ez\u0103rile importante ale litoralului vest-pontic.<\/p>\n
Un ora\u0219 tracic cu nume grecesc<\/h2>\n
\u00cen primele decenii ale secolului I d.Hr., Anchialos este centru de strategie \u2014 fapt atestat de mai multe inscrip\u021bii, care pune \u00eentr-o alt\u0103 lumin\u0103 istoria sa timpurie. Sistemul strategiilor a fost probabil introdus \u00een administra\u021bia Traciei \u00eenc\u0103 din epoca elenistic\u0103, iar la mijlocul \u0219i \u00een a doua jum\u0103tate a secolului I \u00ee.Hr. el exist\u0103 cu certitudine. C\u00e2nd romanii transform\u0103 Tracia \u00een provincie, aceasta este \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit\u0103 \u00een aproximativ 50 de strategii.<\/p>\n
Cucerirea Traciei \u00een sine a fost un proces \u00eendelungat \u0219i anevoios. Ultimul regat tracic independent \u00ee\u0219i p\u0103streaz\u0103 independen\u021ba \u00eentr-o alian\u021b\u0103 de prietenie cu Roma, ca stat vasal. \u00cen aceast\u0103 ultim\u0103 perioad\u0103 (11 \u00ee.Hr. \u2013 45 d.Hr.) el cuprinde un teritoriu \u00eentins \u2014 de la Marea Marmara, de-a lungul Mari\u021bei, p\u00e2n\u0103 la Struma \u0219i, pe \u021b\u0103rmul M\u0103rii Negre, p\u00e2n\u0103 la Dun\u0103re \u2014 \u0219i p\u0103streaz\u0103 vechea \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bire \u00een strategii, \u00een hotarele c\u0103rora intr\u0103 \u0219i ora\u0219ele de la Marea Neagr\u0103.<\/p>\n
Din aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103 dateaz\u0103 informa\u021bia despre un strateg al Anchialosului pe nume Apollonios, fiul lui Eptaikent<\/strong>, cunoscut dintr-o serie de inscrip\u021bii descoperite chiar la Anchialos, precum \u0219i \u00een locuri mai apropiate sau mai \u00eendep\u0103rtate. El este originar din vechiul ora\u0219 tracic Bizye (ast\u0103zi Vize, nu departe de Edirne) \u2014 capitala ultimei dinastii tracice, a lui Rhoemetalces I. A adoptat numele grecesc Apollonios, \u00eens\u0103 tat\u0103l s\u0103u a p\u0103strat numele tracic Eptaikentos; so\u021bia sa poart\u0103 de asemenea un nume grecesc \u2014 Leonto, dar tat\u0103l ei are numele tracic Aulodzenes, o familie cunoscut\u0103 \u0219i dintr-o alt\u0103 inscrip\u021bie de la Anchialos. De aceea se poate presupune c\u0103 fiul tracului din Bizye a devenit ginerele familiei anchialene Aulodzenes \u0219i a fost astfel acceptat ca strateg al regiunii Anchialos.<\/p>\nAlegerea Anchialosului ca centru de strategie \u00een regatul tracic pare la prima vedere ciudat\u0103 \u2014 un ora\u0219 grecesc, dup\u0103 cum spune Strabon, s\u0103 fie re\u0219edin\u021ba unui guvernator tracic de regiune. Un alt astfel de caz nu este cunoscut \u00een statul tracic. Evident, Anchialos a fost un sprijin pentru conduc\u0103torii traci datorit\u0103 elementului tracic \u00eensemnat din interiorul s\u0103u.<\/p>\n
Popula\u021bia tracic\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2ne o tr\u0103s\u0103tur\u0103 distinctiv\u0103 a ora\u0219ului \u0219i mai t\u00e2rziu, c\u00e2nd acesta este deja roman \u2014 istoricul protobizantin Procopius (secolul VI) subliniaz\u0103 \u00een mod expres: \u201eTraci locuiesc un ora\u0219 de pe \u021b\u0103rmul Pontului Euxin, cu numele Anchialos.\u201c Numeroasele movile tracice aflate \u00een imediata apropiere a ora\u0219ului vechi, pe teritoriul necropolei urbane, nu las\u0103 nicio \u00eendoial\u0103 cu privire la apartenen\u021ba tracic\u0103 a popula\u021biei. Sub mantaua unei astfel de movile se afl\u0103 \u0219i celebrul morm\u00e2nt de la Pomorie<\/strong> \u2014 de fapt un heroon tracic dintr-o perioad\u0103 mai t\u00e2rzie.<\/p>\nDin vremea strategului Apollonios sau pu\u021bin mai t\u00e2rziu dateaz\u0103 trei movile funerare tracice, cercetate arheologic \u00een al treilea sfert al secolului trecut, cu daruri funerare deosebit de bogate. \u00centr-una dintre ele a fost descoperit\u0103 \u00eenmorm\u00e2ntarea unei trace \u00eenst\u0103rite, cu numeroase podoabe de aur; pe una dintre ele este gravat numele s\u0103u \u2014 Leseskepra<\/strong>. Obiectele de cult care o \u00eenso\u021besc \u00een lumea de dincolo arat\u0103 c\u0103 \u00een r\u00e2ndul aristocra\u021biei tracice din Anchialos s-au p\u0103strat vechile tradi\u021bii tracice.<\/p>\nDevine astfel limpede c\u0103 Anchialos a avut o alt\u0103 origine \u2014 o a\u0219ezare tracic\u0103, inclus\u0103 probabil mai t\u00e2rziu \u00een teritoriul Apolloniei. Despre caracterul s\u0103u tracic vorbe\u0219te \u0219i o alt\u0103 explica\u021bie a numelui: de la tracicul (sau pre-grecescul-tracic) \u201eAhelon\u201c, de la \u201eahel\u201c \u2014 ap\u0103, a\u0219a cum era denumit \u0219i r\u00e2ul Aheloi din apropiere, nume modificat ulterior prin apropierea de grecescul Anchialos. Cum ar\u0103ta organizarea a\u0219ez\u0103rii \u00een aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103 timpurie se poate deocamdat\u0103 doar b\u0103nui \u2014 r\u0103m\u00e2ne s\u0103 a\u0219tept\u0103m noi descoperiri.<\/p>\n
Ulpia Anchialos \u2014 cel mai mare port roman al Traciei<\/h2>\n
Locul ora\u0219ului \u2014 re\u0219edin\u021ba lui Apollonios \u2014 nu este \u00eenc\u0103 cunoscut. \u00cen anul 45, romanii pun cap\u0103t independen\u021bei regatului tracic \u0219i \u00eel transform\u0103 \u00een provincie, condus\u0103 de un guvernator roman. Aristocra\u021bia tracic\u0103 se adapteaz\u0103 \u0219i este atras\u0103 \u00een administrarea at\u00e2t a provinciei, c\u00e2t \u0219i a a\u0219ez\u0103rii. Devenit autonom, Anchialos este proclamat ora\u0219 \u00een timpul \u00eemp\u0103ratului Traian (98\u2013117) \u00eempreun\u0103 cu alte patru vechi a\u0219ez\u0103ri tracice \u2014 Serdica (Sofia), Pautalia (Kiustendil), Nicopolis ad Nestum (\u00een apropiere de Go\u021be Delcev) \u0219i Topiros (ast\u0103zi \u00een ruine, l\u00e2ng\u0103 gura r\u00e2ului Mesta). Actul lui Traian legitimeaz\u0103 un proces conturat \u00eenc\u0103 din epoca anterioar\u0103. Noile ora\u0219e primesc dreptul \u0219i obliga\u021bia de a purta numele gentilic al \u00eemp\u0103ratului \u2014 Ulpia<\/strong>.<\/p>\nOra\u0219ul prime\u0219te organizarea celorlalte ora\u0219e vest-pontice: to\u021bi cet\u0103\u021benii liberi fac parte din Adunarea Poporului (Demos), care alege Consiliul conduc\u0103tor (Bule). Anchialos prime\u0219te \u0219i un teritoriu propriu, care, dup\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103ratul Hadrian, se \u00eenvecineaz\u0103 la vest cu teritoriul Augustei Traiana (Stara Zagora) \u0219i ajunge p\u00e2n\u0103 la r\u00e2ul Tundja, la nord \u2014 cu Mesambria, iar la sud \u2014 p\u00e2n\u0103 la malul sudic al actualului Lac Burgas, de unde \u00eencepe teritoriul Deultumului (ast\u0103zi Debelt). Acest teritoriu \u00eentins \u00eel deosebe\u0219te pe Anchialos de celelalte ora\u0219e de la Marea Neagr\u0103, ale c\u0103ror p\u0103m\u00e2nturi se reduc \u00een epoca roman\u0103.<\/p>\n
Dup\u0103 ce a fost declarat ora\u0219, Anchialos a fost construit pe larg, asemenea celorlalte ora\u0219e romane, dup\u0103 a\u0219a-numitul sistem hipodamic<\/strong>. Coloana vertebral\u0103 a planului urbanistic o formeaz\u0103 cele dou\u0103 str\u0103zi principale \u2014 \u201ecardo maximus\u201d (nord\u2013sud) \u0219i \u201edecumanus maximus\u201d (est\u2013vest), paralel cu ele trec\u00e2nd str\u0103zile mai \u00eenguste.<\/p>\nAnchialos romanul se afla la \u00eenceputul c\u00e2mpiei de ast\u0103zi a Pomoriei, \u00een afara peninsulei, la circa 3 km vest-nord-vest de centrul ora\u0219ului modern, \u00een zona Paleokastro. S\u0103p\u0103turile \u0219i cercet\u0103rile geofizice arat\u0103 c\u0103 ora\u0219ul ocupa un spa\u021biu m\u0103rginit la est \u0219i la nord de Lacul S\u0103rat, la vest \u2014 aproximativ p\u00e2n\u0103 la intersec\u021bia dintre \u0219oselele Pomorie \u2013 Sunny Beach \u0219i Burgas \u2013 Sunny Beach, iar la sud \u2014 de linia dintre m\u0103n\u0103stirea \u201eSf. Gheorghe\u201d \u0219i mare. Anchialos se \u00eentindea pe peste 120 de hectare<\/strong> \u2014 cel mai mare ora\u0219 ca suprafa\u021b\u0103 din perioada roman\u0103 din Tracia antic\u0103.<\/p>\nOra\u0219ul era \u00eenconjurat de un zid de cetate solid, cu por\u021bi la cele patru capete ale celor dou\u0103 str\u0103zi principale. Judec\u00e2nd dup\u0103 o emisiune de monede, deasupra por\u021bii dinspre port se \u00een\u0103l\u021ba o statuie a zeului m\u0103rii, Poseidon \u2014 \u00een picioare, cu un trident \u00eentr-o m\u00e2n\u0103 \u0219i un hipocamp (fiin\u021b\u0103 mitic\u0103 \u2014 jum\u0103tate cal, jum\u0103tate pe\u0219te) \u00een cealalt\u0103: a\u0219a-numitul Poseidon Propylaios, protectorul por\u021bilor. Apa venea de departe \u2014 de la izvoarele de l\u00e2ng\u0103 satul Rudnik de ast\u0103zi \u2014 printr-un apeduct zidit.<\/p>\n
\u00cen afara zidurilor se afla necropola. Deocamdat\u0103, ea poate fi urm\u0103rit\u0103 cel mai bine spre nord-vest \u0219i vest, pe platoul \u00eenalt, unde se g\u0103sesc \u0219i numeroasele movile tracice \u2014 m\u0103rturie a particip\u0103rii active a tracilor \u00eenst\u0103ri\u021bi la via\u021ba politic\u0103, economic\u0103 \u0219i cultural\u0103 a ora\u0219ului. Urme ale unor movile funerare mult aplatizate de ar\u0103turi se v\u0103d \u0219i la nord de Paleokastro, l\u00e2ng\u0103 \u0219oseaua spre Sunny Beach.<\/p>\n
Anchialos era \u00eempodobit cu statui ale unor divinit\u0103\u021bi \u0219i ale unor \u00eemp\u0103ra\u021bi diviniza\u021bi \u2014 dup\u0103 monede se presupune existen\u021ba unor statui ale lui Poseidon, Hades-Sarapis \u0219i Concordia. Ora\u0219ul a ridicat \u0219i statui ale \u00eemp\u0103ra\u021bilor Caracalla \u0219i Alexandru Sever, probabil \u00een cinstea vizitelor acestora.<\/p>\n
\u00cen secolele II\u2013III, Anchialos cunoa\u0219te o mare prosperitate \u2014 datorit\u0103 portului s\u0103u comod \u0219i pozi\u021biei sale la r\u0103scrucea drumurilor care legau Tracia de Moesia de-a lungul coastei \u0219i interiorul cu marea. Portul s\u0103u a fost cel mai mare punct de import-export al provinciei Tracia<\/strong> \u0219i aproviziona trupele romane \u00een timpul campaniilor transbalcanice spre est ale lui Traian. Importan\u021ba sa a fost subliniat\u0103 \u00een repetate r\u00e2nduri \u0219i pe monedele ora\u0219ului.<\/p>\nO \u00eenflorire deosebit\u0103 atinge ora\u0219ul sub dinastia Severilor. Probabil \u00een cinstea vizitei \u00eemp\u0103ratului Septimius Severus (\u00een jurul anilor 209\u2013211) au fost organizate serb\u0103ri, consemnate pe c\u00e2teva emisiuni de monede ca \u201eSeveria Nymphia\u201d<\/strong> \u2014 jocuri sportive dup\u0103 modelul celebrelor Jocuri Pitice de la Delfi. Ele se repet\u0103 periodic \u0219i probabil continu\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een vremea \u00eemp\u0103ratului Gordian al III-lea (238\u2013244). Desf\u0103\u0219urarea lor presupune \u0219i existen\u021ba unui stadion, a c\u0103rui descoperire urmeaz\u0103 abia de acum \u00eenainte.<\/p>\nNumele \u201eNymphia\u201d nu este \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103tor \u2014 el vine de la marea cinstire de care se bucurau la Anchialos nimfele, personific\u0103ri ale izvoarelor, p\u0103durilor \u0219i mun\u021bilor. Erau venerate Cele Trei Nimfe, ocrotitoare ale izvoarelor minerale. \u00cen teritoriul Anchialosului intrau celebrele \u00een antichitate Aquae Calidae (ast\u0103zi B\u0103ile minerale din Burgas), numite atunci \u0219i B\u0103ile de la Anchialos; se pare c\u0103 sanctuarul Celor Trei Nimfe se afla chiar l\u00e2ng\u0103 b\u0103i. Un loc important \u00een ocupa\u021biile locuitorilor \u00eel aveau agricultura \u0219i viticultura \u2014 \u00eenc\u0103 de pe atunci locuitorii Anchialosului erau renumi\u021bi ca buni viticultori \u0219i vinificatori, faim\u0103 care \u00eei \u00eenso\u021be\u0219te p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi.<\/p>\n
Go\u021bi, avari \u0219i \u00eemp\u0103ra\u021bi<\/h2>\n
Via\u021ba lini\u0219tit\u0103 a ora\u0219ului continu\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 la mijlocul secolului al III-lea. De atunci \u00eenainte, la sud de Dun\u0103re \u00eencep s\u0103 treac\u0103 mase mari de go\u021bi, sarma\u021bi \u0219i carpi. \u00cen anul 250, go\u021bii trec prin Tracia \u0219i asediaz\u0103 Philippopolis (Plovdiv); \u00een 254 \u0219i 255, go\u021bi, carpi \u0219i burgunzi trec din nou la sud de Haemus; \u00een 257\u2013258, tervingii \u0219i carpii coboar\u0103 pe mare de-a lungul \u021b\u0103rmului vestic al M\u0103rii Negre \u0219i ajung p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een Asia Mic\u0103. Potrivit unei m\u0103rturii, go\u021bii atac\u0103 Anchialos \u2014 probabil \u00een anul 270 \u2014 \u0219i \u201e\u00eel cuceresc repede\u201d. Ei r\u0103m\u00e2n aici \u201emulte zile \u0219i se bucur\u0103 de b\u0103ile cu ap\u0103 cald\u0103, care se afl\u0103 la a dou\u0103sprezecea born\u0103 miliar\u0103 de ora\u0219ul Anchialos \u0219i \u021b\u00e2\u0219nesc din ad\u00e2ncurile izvorului lor de foc\u201d.<\/p>\n
Soarta exact\u0103 a Anchialosului din acea vreme nu este cunoscut\u0103, \u00eens\u0103 aproape 30 de ani de incursiuni ale popoarelor nordice \u00een Moesia \u0219i Tracia duc la mari schimb\u0103ri economice, politice \u0219i culturale, care \u00ee\u0219i g\u0103sesc expresia \u00een reformele \u00eemp\u0103ratului Diocle\u021bian. Exist\u0103 o m\u0103rturie potrivit c\u0103reia Diocle\u021bian viziteaz\u0103 Anchialos \u0219i r\u0103m\u00e2ne aici \u00eentre 28 \u0219i 30 octombrie 294.<\/p>\n
Odat\u0103 cu reformele lui Diocle\u021bian \u0219i ale lui Constantin cel Mare, Anchialos intr\u0103 \u00een noua provincie Haemimontus, cu ora\u0219 principal Adrianopol (ast\u0103zi Edirne), \u00een care joac\u0103 un rol \u00eensemnat. Dup\u0103 mutarea capitalei la Constantinopol, ora\u0219ul devine important pentru aprovizionarea acesteia cu alimente \u0219i ocup\u0103 un loc de baz\u0103 \u00een luptele Imperiului Roman de R\u0103s\u0103rit cu popoarele din nord. Secolele V \u0219i VI reprezint\u0103 un \u0219ir de evenimente care nu ocolesc Anchialosul:<\/p>\n
\n- 476<\/strong> \u2014 conduc\u0103torul go\u021bilor, Teodoric, porne\u0219te de la Marcianopolis, trece prin Haemus (Mun\u021bii Balcani) \u0219i Anchialos \u0219i se \u00eendreapt\u0103 spre Adrianopol.<\/li>\n
- 513\u2013515<\/strong> \u2014 \u00eenaltul comandant bizantin Vitalian Tracul se r\u0103scoal\u0103 \u00eempotriva \u00eemp\u0103ratului Anastasie, supune pentru scurt timp litoralul M\u0103rii Negre \u0219i cucere\u0219te Odessos (Varna) \u0219i Anchialos. La ac\u021biunile \u00eempotriva Constantinopolului particip\u0103 circa 200 de cor\u0103bii din porturile Odessos, Anchialos \u0219i Sozopol. R\u0103scoala continu\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 515, c\u00e2nd Vitalian, \u00eenfr\u00e2nt, se retrage la Anchialos.<\/li>\n
- 584<\/strong> \u2014 \u00een timpul marii invazii a avarilor \u0219i slavilor sunt cucerite multe ora\u0219e din interiorul peninsulei, printre ele \u0219i Anchialos. Zidurile cet\u0103\u021bii sunt distruse, ora\u0219ul \u0219i \u00eemprejurimile sale sunt devastate. Haganul avar Baian porunce\u0219te \u00eens\u0103 s\u0103 nu fie d\u0103r\u00e2mate zidurile B\u0103ilor de la Anchialos \u0219i transform\u0103 Anchialosul \u00een re\u0219edin\u021ba sa pentru c\u00e2teva luni. Aici \u00eencheie o nou\u0103 pace cu \u00eemp\u0103ratul bizantin, \u00een schimbul unui tribut de 100 000 de monede de aur.<\/li>\n
- 585<\/strong> \u2014 comandantul bizantin Comentiolus adun\u0103 la Anchialos o armat\u0103 \u0219i formeaz\u0103 trei deta\u0219amente pentru r\u0103zboiul \u00eempotriva avarilor \u0219i slavilor.<\/li>\n
- 591<\/strong> \u2014 \u00eemp\u0103ratul Mauriciu se preg\u0103te\u0219te de campanie, ajunge la Anchialos \u0219i petrece aici circa 15 zile.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Anchialos \u00eentre Bulgaria \u0219i Bizan\u021b<\/h2>\n
Dup\u0103 crearea statului bulgar \u00een anul 681, rolul Anchialos ca centru intermediar \u00een rela\u021biile dintre Bizan\u021b \u0219i Bulgaria cre\u0219te:<\/p>\n
\n- Anul 708<\/strong> \u2014 \u00eemp\u0103ratul Iustinian al II-lea \u00eencalc\u0103 pacea \u00eencheiat\u0103 cu trei ani mai devreme cu hanul Tervel \u0219i porne\u0219te pe uscat \u0219i pe mare \u00eempotriva t\u00e2n\u0103rului stat bulgar. Ajunge la Anchialos, ancoreaz\u0103 flota, iar cavaleria \u00ee\u0219i instaleaz\u0103 tab\u0103ra pe c\u00e2mpie. Bulgarii atac\u0103 \u0219i \u00eei zdrobesc pe bizantini. \u00cemp\u0103ratul se ascunde \u00een spatele zidurilor cet\u0103\u021bii, iar dup\u0103 trei zile taie tendoanele cailor s\u0103i \u0219i pleac\u0103 \u00een secret cu corabia spre Constantinopol.<\/li>\n
- 30 iunie 763<\/strong> \u2014 \u00een fa\u021ba zidurilor Anchialos, trupele bulgare conduse de hanul Tele\u021b sufer\u0103 o \u00eenfr\u00e2ngere; \u00eemp\u0103ratul Constantin al V-lea Copronim s\u0103rb\u0103tore\u0219te victoria cu un mare triumf.<\/li>\n
- 21 iunie 766<\/strong> \u2014 acela\u0219i Constantin al V-lea organizeaz\u0103 o nou\u0103 campanie \u0219i trimite spre Anchialos 2600 de cor\u0103bii militare grele (chelandii) cu o armat\u0103 uria\u0219\u0103. \u00cen timpul ancor\u0103rii izbucne\u0219te o furtun\u0103, o mare parte dintre cor\u0103bii se scufund\u0103, iar majoritatea solda\u021bilor se \u00eeneac\u0103. Pe 17 iulie, \u00eemp\u0103ratul este nevoit s\u0103 se \u00eentoarc\u0103 \u00een capital\u0103. Descoperirea r\u0103m\u0103\u0219i\u021belor acestei uria\u0219e flotile este o tenta\u021bie pentru orice arheolog subacvatic.<\/li>\n
- Mai 783<\/strong> \u2014 \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103teasa bizantin\u0103 Irina, tutoarea minorului Constantin al VI-lea, traverseaz\u0103 \u00een mod demonstrativ Tracia \u0219i reconstruie\u0219te ora\u0219ul Anchialos, distrus \u00een luptele anterioare.<\/li>\n
- Anul 812<\/strong> \u2014 pentru prima dat\u0103, Anchialos, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu celelalte ora\u0219e de pe litoralul sudic al M\u0103rii Negre, trece \u00een m\u00e2ini bulgare, sub hanul Krum. Probabil atunci prime\u0219te numele protobulgar Tuthon, care \u00eens\u0103 nu reu\u0219e\u0219te s\u0103 se impun\u0103. Krum colonizeaz\u0103 \u00een ora\u0219 o mas\u0103 \u00eensemnat\u0103 de slavi \u0219i protobulgari. Bizan\u021bul recucere\u0219te aceast\u0103 parte a litoralului \u00een anul 864.<\/li>\n
- 20 august 917<\/strong> \u2014 marea b\u0103t\u0103lie dintre bulgari, condu\u0219i de \u021barul Simeon, \u0219i bizantinii comandantului suprem Leon Focas, pe c\u00e2mpia din fa\u021ba Anchialos. Bizantinii sufer\u0103 o \u00eenfr\u00e2ngere catastrofal\u0103, iar \u00eensu\u0219i comandantul abia reu\u0219e\u0219te s\u0103 se salveze \u00een spatele zidurilor cet\u0103\u021bii Neseb\u0103r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Aceste evenimente arat\u0103 marea importan\u021b\u0103 a cet\u0103\u021bii Anchialos pentru suprema\u021bia la Marea Neagr\u0103 \u0219i \u00een interiorul \u021b\u0103rii \u00een Evul Mediu timpuriu (secolele VII\u2013X).<\/p>\n
Dup\u0103 anul 971, c\u00e2nd Bulgaria este cucerit\u0103 de Bizan\u021b, Anchialos devine din nou bizantin. Timp de dou\u0103 secole ora\u0219ul r\u0103m\u00e2ne posesiune bizantin\u0103, iar importan\u021ba sa ca mare centru portuar cre\u0219te. Dup\u0103 eliberarea Bulgariei, ora\u0219ul continu\u0103 s\u0103 fie un \u201em\u0103r al discordiei\u201d, \u00eens\u0103 importan\u021ba sa cedeaz\u0103 treptat \u00een fa\u021ba vecinului Neseb\u0103r. Schimbarea permanent\u0103 a st\u0103p\u00e2nilor \u2014 ora\u0219ul trec\u00e2nd temporar c\u00e2nd \u00eentr-o m\u00e2n\u0103, c\u00e2nd \u00een alta \u2014 se reflect\u0103 nefavorabil asupra situa\u021biei sale economice. \u00cen octombrie 1366, Anchialos, ca \u0219i celelalte ora\u0219e de pe litoralul vestic al M\u0103rii Negre, ajunge \u00een m\u00e2inile cavalerilor vene\u021bieni ai lui Amedeo al VI-lea de Savoia, alia\u021bi ai Bizan\u021bului sl\u0103bit.<\/p>\n
Pentru a se afla \u00een centrul acestor conflicte permanente, Anchialos a fost puternic fortificat. Unde se afla ora\u0219ul medieval? Exist\u0103 presupunerea c\u0103 a fost mutat la cap\u0103tul peninsulei, acolo unde se afl\u0103 ast\u0103zi Pomorie, \u00een timpul m\u0103surilor de fortificare luate de Irina \u00een anul 783. Observa\u021biile de p\u00e2n\u0103 acum \u00eens\u0103 nu confirm\u0103 acest lucru \u2014 probabil c\u0103 a\u0219ezarea s-a mutat pe peninsul\u0103 cel mai devreme dup\u0103 secolul al XII-lea. Urme ale acestui nou Anchialos exist\u0103 deocamdat\u0103 doar \u00een partea de est a peninsulei: r\u0103m\u0103\u0219i\u021be de ziduri de cetate din secolele XIII\u2013XIV, sub a\u0219a-numitele St\u00e2nci Iavorovi.<\/p>\n
Ultimul refugiu al Bizan\u021bului<\/h2>\n
Astfel, ora\u0219ele de la Marea Neagr\u0103, situate la sud de Haemus, ajung s\u0103 vad\u0103 prima apari\u021bie a cuceritorilor otomani \u00een octombrie 1396. Timp de o jum\u0103tate de secol, Anchialos trece c\u00e2nd \u00een m\u00e2ini bizantine, c\u00e2nd \u00een m\u00e2ini turce\u0219ti, p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd, \u00een 1453, odat\u0103 cu cucerirea Constantinopolului, intr\u0103 definitiv sub st\u0103p\u00e2nire otoman\u0103.<\/p>\n
Ora\u0219ul devine centrul unei cazale (plas\u0103) cu trei nahii \u2014 Anchialos, Sozopol \u0219i Ahtopol \u2014 \u0219i se transform\u0103 \u00een cel mai mare centru administrativ din sud-estul Bulgariei. \u00cen aceste grani\u021be, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu \u021binutul Karnobat, Anchialos devine \u0219i centrul unei mari eparhii a Patriarhiei de Constantinopol. Importan\u021ba sa ca centru economic, administrativ \u0219i cultural r\u0103m\u00e2ne neschimbat\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 la \u00eenceputul secolului al XIX-lea.<\/p>\n
Dup\u0103 c\u0103derea Constantinopolului, Anchialos devine ultimul refugiu al mai multor reprezentan\u021bi ai aristocra\u021biei bizantine \u2014 familiile Paleolog, Dukas, Cantacuzino, Chrysoverghi, Vatatzes \u0219i altele. Unii dintre ei, precum Mihail Cantacuzino, joac\u0103 un rol important \u00een \u00eenflorirea economic\u0103 \u0219i cultural\u0103 a ora\u0219ului de la Marea Neagr\u0103.<\/p>\n
Surs\u0103: pomorietown.wordpress.com<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"De la o a\u0219ezare tracic\u0103 \u0219i \u201eor\u0103\u0219elul apollonia\u021bilor\u201d p\u00e2n\u0103 la cel mai mare port roman al Traciei, b\u0103t\u0103liile hanului Krum \u0219i ale \u021barului Simeon \u0219i ultimul refugiu al aristocra\u021bilor bizantini.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":98167,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2415],"tags":[2424,2454,2507,2428,2549],"class_list":["post-98164","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-interesant-ro","tag-anchialo-ro-2","tag-antichitate-ro","tag-pomorie-ro","tag-pomorie-ro-2","tag-traditie-ro","post-with-thumbnail","post-with-thumbnail-icon"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n
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