![\"Star\u00e1](\"https:\/\/images.luga.bg\/2026\/09\/anhialo-1907-solnitsi.jpg\")
Soln\u00e9 p\u00e1nve a m\u011bsto Anchialos, 1907 (voln\u00e9 d\u00edlo)<\/p><\/div>\n
Kde st\u00e1la nejstar\u0161\u00ed osada?<\/h2>\n
Stopy nejstar\u0161\u00ed pevnosti Anchialu dosud nebyly nalezeny. Lidov\u00e1 tradice i archeologick\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumy nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee zbytky star\u00e9 osady se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed na za\u010d\u00e1tku Pomorijsk\u00e9ho pole, mimo poloostrov, v lokalit\u011b Palaiokastro (z \u0159eck\u00e9ho \u201epalaios\u201c \u2014 star\u00fd, d\u00e1vn\u00fd, a \u201ekastro(n)\u201c \u2014 pevnost), kde je dnes m\u011bstsk\u00e1 \u010dtvr\u0165. Dlouholet\u00e1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed a vykop\u00e1vky, veden\u00e9 od roku 1966, tam v\u0161ak osadu z t\u00e9to ran\u00e9 doby neprok\u00e1zaly \u2014 n\u00e1lezy poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z mnohem pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edho obdob\u00ed, kdy tato m\u00edsta pat\u0159ila do hranic \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e.<\/p>\n
Ani skrovn\u00fd archeologick\u00fd materi\u00e1l nevn\u00e1\u0161\u00ed do v\u011bci jasno. Ran\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy byly u\u010din\u011bny na r\u016fzn\u00fdch m\u00edstech a p\u0159i r\u016fzn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitostech: p\u0159i podvodn\u00edch pr\u016fzkumech v z\u00e1livu p\u0159ed dne\u0161n\u00edm m\u011bstem byly nalezeny kamenn\u00e9 kotvy z druh\u00e9 poloviny II. tis. p\u0159. n. l., kamenn\u00e9 a olov\u011bn\u00e9 kotevn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edky pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 v mo\u0159eplavb\u011b od konce VII. do konce I. tis. p\u0159. n. l., amfory ze IV.\u2013III. stol. p\u0159. n. l. a dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bty.<\/p>\n
Nejasn\u00fd z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 i osud osady b\u011bhem bou\u0159liv\u00e9ho I. stol. p\u0159. n. l., kdy se pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed ocitlo v centru ta\u017een\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch vojev\u016fdc\u016f Marka Luculla (zima 72\/71 p\u0159. n. l., kdy byla dobyta, vyp\u00e1lena a vyplen\u011bna Apollonia), Gaia Antonia Hybridy (62\/61 p\u0159. n. l.) a Marka Licinia Crassa (29\/28 p\u0159. n. l.), po nich\u017e pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed definitivn\u011b p\u0159e\u0161lo pod \u0159\u00edmskou nadvl\u00e1du.<\/p>\n
Hradby, zni\u010den\u00e9 ve v\u00e1lce mezi Mesambri\u00ed a Apolloni\u00ed, byly obnoveny. Kdy\u017e roku 9 n. l. na cest\u011b do vyhnanstv\u00ed v Tomid\u011b (dne\u0161n\u00ed Constan\u021ba) proplouval Ovidius \u2014 jeden ze t\u0159\u00ed velk\u00fdch b\u00e1sn\u00edk\u016f \u201ezlat\u00e9ho v\u011bku \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 poezie\u201c \u2014 lod\u00ed kolem Anchialu, zaznamenal jej jako osadu opevn\u011bnou hradbami. Je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee \u201em\u011bste\u010dko\u201c z\u016fstalo i nad\u00e1le jedn\u00edm z v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch s\u00eddel z\u00e1padopontsk\u00e9ho pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Thr\u00e1ck\u00e9 m\u011bsto s \u0159eck\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem<\/h2>\n
V prvn\u00edch desetilet\u00edch I. stol. n. l. byl Anchialos centrem strategie \u2014 skute\u010dnost dolo\u017een\u00e1 n\u011bkolika n\u00e1pisy, kter\u00e1 stav\u00ed jeho ran\u00e9 d\u011bjiny do jin\u00e9ho sv\u011btla. Syst\u00e9m strategi\u00ed byl do spr\u00e1vy Thr\u00e1kie zaveden pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b ji\u017e v hel\u00e9nistick\u00e9 epo\u0161e a v polovin\u011b a druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b I. stol. p\u0159. n. l. existoval zcela jist\u011b. Kdy\u017e \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 prom\u011bnili Thr\u00e1kii v provincii, byla rozd\u011blena p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b na 50 strategi\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Samotn\u00e9 dobyt\u00ed Thr\u00e1kie bylo dlouh\u00fdm a strastipln\u00fdm procesem. Posledn\u00ed samostatn\u00e9 thr\u00e1ck\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed si uchovalo nez\u00e1vislost v p\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9m svazku s \u0158\u00edmem jako vazalsk\u00fd st\u00e1t. V tomto posledn\u00edm obdob\u00ed (11 p\u0159. n. l. \u2013 45 n. l.) zahrnovalo rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed \u2014 od Marmarsk\u00e9ho mo\u0159e pod\u00e9l Marice ke Strum\u011b a po \u010dernomo\u0159sk\u00e9m pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed a\u017e k Dunaji \u2014 a zachovalo si star\u00e9 \u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed na strategie, do jejich\u017e hranic spadala i \u010dernomo\u0159sk\u00e1 m\u011bsta.<\/p>\n
Z tohoto obdob\u00ed poch\u00e1z\u00ed zpr\u00e1va o strat\u00e9govi Anchialu jm\u00e9nem Apollonios, syn Eptaikenta<\/strong>, zn\u00e1m\u00e9m z \u0159ady n\u00e1pis\u016f ze samotn\u00e9ho Anchialu i z bli\u017e\u0161\u00edch a vzd\u00e1len\u011bj\u0161\u00edch m\u00edst. Poch\u00e1zel ze starobyl\u00e9ho thr\u00e1ck\u00e9ho m\u011bsta Bizye (dnes Vize, nedaleko Edirne) \u2014 s\u00eddeln\u00edho m\u011bsta posledn\u00ed thr\u00e1ck\u00e9 dynastie Rhoimetalka I. P\u0159ijal \u0159eck\u00e9 jm\u00e9no Apollonios, jeho otec si v\u0161ak ponechal thr\u00e1ck\u00e9 jm\u00e9no Eptaikentos; i jeho \u017eena nosila \u0159eck\u00e9 jm\u00e9no Leonto, ale jej\u00ed otec se jmenoval thr\u00e1ck\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem Auludzenes \u2014 rod zn\u00e1m\u00fd i z jin\u00e9ho n\u00e1pisu z Anchialu. Lze tedy p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee syn Thr\u00e1ka z Bizye se stal zet\u011bm anchialsk\u00e9ho rodu Auludzenes a d\u00edky tomu byl p\u0159ijat jako strat\u00e9g Anchialsk\u00e9 oblasti.<\/p>\nVolba Anchialu za centrum strategie v thr\u00e1ck\u00e9m kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed se na prvn\u00ed pohled jev\u00ed jako podivn\u00e1 \u2014 aby \u0159eck\u00e9 m\u011bsto, jak uv\u00e1d\u00ed Strab\u00f3n, bylo s\u00eddlem thr\u00e1ck\u00e9ho oblastn\u00edho spr\u00e1vce. Jin\u00fd takov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad nen\u00ed v thr\u00e1ck\u00e9m st\u00e1t\u011b zn\u00e1m. Anchialos byl zjevn\u011b oporou thr\u00e1ck\u00fdch vl\u00e1dc\u016f d\u00edky v\u00fdrazn\u00e9mu thr\u00e1ck\u00e9mu \u017eivlu, kter\u00fd v n\u011bm \u017eil.<\/p>\n
Thr\u00e1ck\u00e9 obyvatelstvo z\u016fstalo charakteristick\u00fdm rysem m\u011bsta i pozd\u011bji, kdy\u017e u\u017e bylo \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u2014 ran\u011b byzantsk\u00fd historik Prokopios (VI. stol.) v\u00fdslovn\u011b zd\u016fraz\u0148uje: \u201eThr\u00e1kov\u00e9 ob\u00fdvaj\u00ed jedno p\u0159\u00edmo\u0159sk\u00e9 m\u011bsto u Euxinsk\u00e9ho Pontu jm\u00e9nem Anchialos.\u201c \u010cetn\u00e9 thr\u00e1ck\u00e9 mohyly v bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed bl\u00edzkosti star\u00e9ho m\u011bsta, na \u00fazem\u00ed m\u011bstsk\u00e9 nekropole, nenech\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 pochybnosti o thr\u00e1ck\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nosti obyvatelstva. Pod n\u00e1sypem jedn\u00e9 z takov\u00fdch mohyl se nach\u00e1z\u00ed i proslul\u00e1 Pomorijsk\u00e1 hrobka<\/strong> \u2014 ve skute\u010dnosti thr\u00e1ck\u00e9 h\u00e9r\u00f3on z pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed doby.<\/p>\nZ doby strat\u00e9ga Apollonia nebo jen o n\u011bco pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed poch\u00e1zej\u00ed t\u0159i thr\u00e1ck\u00e9 mohyly prozkouman\u00e9 ve t\u0159et\u00ed \u010dtvrtin\u011b minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed, s mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b bohatou poh\u0159ebn\u00ed v\u00fdbavou. V jedn\u00e9 z nich byl objeven hrob bohat\u00e9 Thr\u00e1\u010danky s mnoha zlat\u00fdmi \u0161perky; na jednom z nich je vyryto jej\u00ed jm\u00e9no \u2014 Leseskepra<\/strong>. Kultovn\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bty, kter\u00e9 ji doprov\u00e1zej\u00ed na onen sv\u011bt, ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee anchialsk\u00e1 thr\u00e1ck\u00e1 aristokracie si uchovala star\u00e9 thr\u00e1ck\u00e9 tradice.<\/p>\nJe tedy z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee Anchialos m\u011bl jin\u00fd p\u016fvod \u2014 \u0161lo o thr\u00e1ckou osadu, kter\u00e1 byla pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b pozd\u011bji za\u010dlen\u011bna do \u00fazem\u00ed Apollonie. O jeho thr\u00e1ck\u00e9m charakteru sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed i jin\u00fd v\u00fdklad jm\u00e9na: z thr\u00e1ck\u00e9ho (\u010di p\u0159ed\u0159ecko-thr\u00e1ck\u00e9ho) \u201eAchelon\u201c, od \u201eachel\u201c \u2014 voda, jak zn\u011blo i jm\u00e9no nedalek\u00e9 \u0159eky Acheloos, pozd\u011bji pozm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e9 sbl\u00ed\u017een\u00edm s \u0159eck\u00fdm Anchialos. Jak\u00e9 bylo uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed osady v tomto ran\u00e9m obdob\u00ed, lze zat\u00edm jen odhadovat \u2014 a \u010dekat na nov\u00e9 objevy.<\/p>\n
Ulpia Anchialos \u2014 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstav Thr\u00e1kie<\/h2>\n
M\u00edsto, kde le\u017eelo m\u011bsto \u2014 s\u00eddlo Apollonia \u2014 dosud nen\u00ed zn\u00e1mo. Roku 45 \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 zru\u0161ili samostatnost thr\u00e1ck\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed a prom\u011bnili je v provincii v \u010dele s \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm spr\u00e1vcem. Thr\u00e1ck\u00e1 aristokracie se p\u0159izp\u016fsobila a byla p\u0159izv\u00e1na ke spr\u00e1v\u011b jak provincie, tak samotn\u00e9 osady. Anchialos, jen\u017e z\u00edskal autonomii, byl pov\u00fd\u0161en na m\u011bsto za c\u00edsa\u0159e Traiana (98\u2013117) spole\u010dn\u011b s dal\u0161\u00edmi \u010dty\u0159mi star\u00fdmi thr\u00e1ck\u00fdmi s\u00eddly \u2014 Serdikou (Sofie), Pautali\u00ed (Kjustendil), Nicopolis ad Nestum (pobl\u00ed\u017e Goce Del\u010devu) a Toperem (dnes v trosk\u00e1ch u \u00fast\u00ed Mesty). Traian\u016fv akt legalizoval proces, kter\u00fd se formoval ji\u017e v p\u0159edchoz\u00ed epo\u0161e. Nov\u00e1 m\u011bsta z\u00edskala pr\u00e1vo i povinnost nosit rodov\u00e9 jm\u00e9no c\u00edsa\u0159e \u2014 Ulpia<\/strong>.<\/p>\nM\u011bsto z\u00edskalo uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed shodn\u00e9 s ostatn\u00edmi z\u00e1padopontsk\u00fdmi m\u011bsty: v\u0161ichni svobodn\u00ed ob\u010dan\u00e9 tvo\u0159ili lidov\u00e9 shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed (d\u00e9mos), kter\u00e9 volilo vl\u00e1dnouc\u00ed radu (b\u00fal\u00e9). Anchialos obdr\u017eel i vlastn\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed, je\u017e po c\u00edsa\u0159i Hadrianovi sousedilo na z\u00e1pad\u011b s \u00fazem\u00edm Augusty Traiany (Stara Zagora) a sahalo a\u017e k Tund\u017ee, na severu s Mesambri\u00ed a na jihu a\u017e k ji\u017en\u00edmu b\u0159ehu dne\u0161n\u00edho Burgask\u00e9ho jezera, kde za\u010d\u00ednalo \u00fazem\u00ed Deulta (dnes Debelt). Toto rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed odli\u0161ovalo Anchialos od ostatn\u00edch z\u00e1pado\u010dernomo\u0159sk\u00fdch m\u011bst, jejich\u017e pozemky se v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 dob\u011b zmen\u0161ovaly.<\/p>\n
Po vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed za m\u011bsto bylo Anchialos postaveno v \u0161irok\u00e9m rozsahu, stejn\u011b jako jin\u00e1 \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 m\u011bsta, podle tzv. hippodamovsk\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu<\/strong>. Osu urbanistick\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nu tvo\u0159\u00ed dv\u011b hlavn\u00ed ulice \u2014 \u201ecardo maximus\u201c (severoji\u017en\u00ed) a \u201edecumanus maximus\u201c (v\u00fdchodoz\u00e1padn\u00ed) \u2014 a rovnob\u011b\u017en\u011b s nimi vedou u\u017e\u0161\u00ed ulice.<\/p>\n\u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 Anchialos le\u017eelo na za\u010d\u00e1tku dne\u0161n\u00ed Pomorijsk\u00e9 n\u00ed\u017einy, mimo poloostrov, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 3 km z\u00e1pado-severoz\u00e1padn\u011b od centra dne\u0161n\u00edho m\u011bsta, v lokalit\u011b Paleokastro. Vykop\u00e1vky a geofyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdzkumy ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee m\u011bsto zab\u00edralo prostor ohrani\u010den\u00fd z v\u00fdchodu a severu Slan\u00fdm jezerem, ze z\u00e1padu p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b a\u017e k n\u00e1ro\u017e\u00ed mezi silnicemi Pomorie \u2013 Slune\u010dn\u00e9 pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed a Burgas \u2013 Slune\u010dn\u00e9 pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed, a z jihu lini\u00ed mezi kl\u00e1\u0161terem sv. Ji\u0159\u00ed a mo\u0159em. Anchialos se rozkl\u00e1dalo na v\u00edce ne\u017e 120 hektarech<\/strong> \u2014 bylo tak rozlohou nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm m\u011bstem \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed ve starov\u011bk\u00e9 Thr\u00e1kii.<\/p>\nM\u011bsto bylo obehn\u00e1no pevnou hradebn\u00ed zd\u00ed s branami na \u010dty\u0159ech konc\u00edch obou hlavn\u00edch ulic. Podle jedn\u00e9 emise minc\u00ed st\u00e1la nad branou k p\u0159\u00edstavu socha boha mo\u0159\u00ed Poseidona \u2014 stoj\u00edc\u00edho, s trojzubcem v jedn\u00e9 ruce a hippokampem (mytickou bytost\u00ed \u2014 nap\u016fl kon\u011bm, nap\u016fl rybou) v druh\u00e9: tzv. Poseidon Propylaios, ochr\u00e1nce bran. Voda p\u0159ich\u00e1zela z d\u00e1lky \u2014 z pramen\u016f u dne\u0161n\u00ed vesnice Rudnik \u2014 zd\u011bn\u00fdm vodovodem.<\/p>\n
Za hradbami se nach\u00e1zela nekropole. Zat\u00edm ji lze nejl\u00e9pe sledovat na severoz\u00e1pad\u011b a z\u00e1pad\u011b, na vyv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 plo\u0161in\u011b, kde se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed i po\u010detn\u00e9 thr\u00e1ck\u00e9 mohyly \u2014 sv\u011bdectv\u00ed o aktivn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dasti z\u00e1mo\u017en\u00fdch Thr\u00e1k\u016f v politick\u00e9m, hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m a kulturn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b m\u011bsta. Stopy mohyl siln\u011b sn\u00ed\u017een\u00fdch orbou jsou vid\u011bt i severn\u011b od Paleokastra, u silnice na Slune\u010dn\u00e9 pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Anchialos bylo zdobeno sochami bo\u017estev a zbo\u017e\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch c\u00edsa\u0159\u016f \u2014 podle minc\u00ed lze usuzovat na sochy Poseidona, H\u00e1da-Sarapise a Concordie. M\u011bsto vzty\u010dilo i sochy c\u00edsa\u0159\u016f Caracally a Alexandra Severa, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b na po\u010dest jejich n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bv.<\/p>\n
Ve 2.\u20133. stolet\u00ed se Anchialos t\u011b\u0161ilo velk\u00e9 prosperit\u011b \u2014 d\u00edky sv\u00e9mu pohodln\u00e9mu p\u0159\u00edstavu a poloze na k\u0159i\u017eovatce cest, kter\u00e9 spojovaly Thr\u00e1kii s Moesi\u00ed po pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed a vnitrozem\u00ed s mo\u0159em. Jeho p\u0159\u00edstav byl nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm dovozn\u00edm a v\u00fdvozn\u00edm bodem provincie Thr\u00e1kie<\/strong> a z\u00e1soboval \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 vojsko p\u0159i Traianov\u00fdch v\u00fdchodn\u00edch transbalk\u00e1nsk\u00fdch ta\u017een\u00edch. Jeho v\u00fdznam byl mnohokr\u00e1t zd\u016frazn\u011bn i na minc\u00edch m\u011bsta.<\/p>\nZvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edho rozkv\u011btu dos\u00e1hlo m\u011bsto za dynastie Sever\u016f. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b na po\u010dest n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvy c\u00edsa\u0159e Septimia Severa (p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 209\u2013211 n. l.) byly uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1ny slavnosti, zaznamenan\u00e9 na n\u011bkolika emis\u00edch minc\u00ed jako \u201eSeveria Nymphia\u201c<\/strong> \u2014 sportovn\u00ed hry po vzoru slavn\u00fdch p\u00fdthijsk\u00fdch her v Delf\u00e1ch. Opakovaly se periodicky a pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b pokra\u010dovaly a\u017e do c\u00edsa\u0159e Gordiana III. (238\u2013244 n. l.). Jejich kon\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 i existenci stadionu, jeho\u017e objeven\u00ed teprve \u010dek\u00e1.<\/p>\nJm\u00e9no \u201eNymphia\u201c nen\u00ed n\u00e1hodn\u00e9 \u2014 poch\u00e1z\u00ed z velk\u00e9 \u00facty, jakou v Anchialu po\u017e\u00edvaly nymfy, personifikace pramen\u016f, les\u016f a hor. Uct\u00edv\u00e1ny byly T\u0159i nymfy, ochr\u00e1nkyn\u011b miner\u00e1ln\u00edch pramen\u016f. K \u00fazem\u00ed Anchialu pat\u0159ily i ve starov\u011bku proslul\u00e9 Aquae Calidae (dne\u0161n\u00ed Burgask\u00e9 miner\u00e1ln\u00ed l\u00e1zn\u011b), naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 tehdy tak\u00e9 Anchialsk\u00e9 l\u00e1zn\u011b; zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee svatyn\u011b T\u0159\u00ed nymf se nach\u00e1zela p\u0159\u00edmo u l\u00e1zn\u00ed. V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 m\u00edsto v ob\u017eiv\u011b zauj\u00edmalo zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a vinohradnictv\u00ed \u2014 ji\u017e tehdy se obyvatel\u00e9 Anchialu proslavili jako dob\u0159\u00ed vina\u0159i a vinohradn\u00edci, a tato sl\u00e1va je prov\u00e1z\u00ed a\u017e do dne\u0161n\u00edch dn\u016f.<\/p>\n
G\u00f3tov\u00e9, Ava\u0159i a c\u00edsa\u0159i<\/h2>\n
Pokojn\u00fd \u017eivot m\u011bsta pokra\u010doval a\u017e do polovice 3. stolet\u00ed. Od t\u00e9 doby za\u010daly na jih od Dunaje p\u0159ech\u00e1zet velk\u00e9 masy G\u00f3t\u016f, Sarmat\u016f a Karp\u016f. V roce 250 pro\u0161li G\u00f3tov\u00e9 Thr\u00e1ki\u00ed a obl\u00e9hali Philippopolis (Plovdiv); v letech 254 a 255 G\u00f3tov\u00e9, Karpov\u00e9 a Burgundi op\u011bt p\u0159e\u0161li na jih od Haemu; v letech 257\u2013258 se Tervingov\u00e9 a Karpov\u00e9 spustili po mo\u0159i pod\u00e9l z\u00e1padn\u00edho b\u0159ehu \u010cern\u00e9ho mo\u0159e a dostali se a\u017e do Mal\u00e9 Asie. Podle jedn\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy G\u00f3tov\u00e9 napadli Anchialos \u2014 pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b v roce 270 \u2014 a \u201erychle ho dobyli\u201c. Z\u016fstali zde \u201emnoho dn\u00ed a kochali se v l\u00e1zn\u00edch s teplou vodou, kter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed u dvan\u00e1ct\u00e9ho miln\u00edku od m\u011bsta Anchialos a vyv\u011braj\u00ed z hlubin sv\u00e9ho ohniv\u00e9ho pramene\u201c.<\/p>\n
P\u0159esn\u00fd osud Anchialu v t\u00e9 dob\u011b nen\u00ed zn\u00e1m, ale t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 t\u0159icetilet\u00e1 ta\u017een\u00ed severn\u00edch n\u00e1rod\u016f po Moesii a Thr\u00e1kii vedla k velk\u00fdm hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdm, politick\u00fdm a kulturn\u00edm zm\u011bn\u00e1m, je\u017e na\u0161ly vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed v reform\u00e1ch c\u00edsa\u0159e Diokleci\u00e1na. Existuje zpr\u00e1va, \u017ee Diokleci\u00e1n nav\u0161t\u00edvil Anchialos a zdr\u017eel se zde od 28. do 30. \u0159\u00edjna 294.<\/p>\n
Reformami Diokleci\u00e1na a Konstantina Velik\u00e9ho se Anchialos stalo sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed nov\u00e9 provincie Haemimontus s hlavn\u00edm m\u011bstem Hadrianopolis (dne\u0161n\u00ed Edirne), v n\u00ed\u017e hr\u00e1lo v\u00fdznamnou roli. Po p\u0159enesen\u00ed hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta do Konstantinopole se m\u011bsto stalo d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm pro jeho z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed potravinami a zaujalo kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 m\u00edsto v boj\u00edch V\u00fdchodo\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e s n\u00e1rody ze severu. 5. a 6. stolet\u00ed jsou \u0159adou ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 Anchialos neminuly:<\/p>\n
\n- 476<\/strong> \u2014 v\u016fdce G\u00f3t\u016f Theodorich vyr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed z Marcianopole, proch\u00e1z\u00ed Haemem (Star\u00e1 planina) a Anchialem a m\u00ed\u0159\u00ed k Hadrianopoli.<\/li>\n
- 513\u2013515<\/strong> \u2014 vysok\u00fd byzantsk\u00fd vojev\u016fdce Vitalianus Thr\u00e1k se vzbou\u0159\u00ed proti c\u00edsa\u0159i Anastasiovi, na kr\u00e1tkou dobu si podman\u00ed \u010dernomo\u0159sk\u00e9 pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed a zmocn\u00ed se Odessu (Varny) a Anchialu. V akc\u00edch proti Konstantinopoli se \u00fa\u010dastn\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 200 lod\u00ed z p\u0159\u00edstav\u016f Odessos, Anchialos a Sozopol. Vzpoura trv\u00e1 a\u017e do roku 515, kdy se pora\u017een\u00fd Vitalianus stahuje do Anchialu.<\/li>\n
- 584<\/strong> \u2014 p\u0159i velk\u00e9m vp\u00e1du Avar\u016f a Slovan\u016f je dobyto mnoho m\u011bst ve vnitrozem\u00ed poloostrova, mezi nimi i Anchialos. Hradby pevnosti jsou zbo\u0159eny, m\u011bsto a jeho okol\u00ed zpusto\u0161eny. Avarsk\u00fd ch\u00e1n Bajan v\u0161ak p\u0159ikazuje nebourat zdi Anchialsk\u00fdch l\u00e1zn\u00ed a na n\u011bkolik m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f si z Anchialu ud\u011bl\u00e1 svou rezidenci. Zde sjedn\u00e1v\u00e1 dal\u0161\u00ed m\u00edr s byzantsk\u00fdm c\u00edsa\u0159em za da\u0148 ve v\u00fd\u0161i 100 000 zlat\u00fdch minc\u00ed.<\/li>\n
- 585<\/strong> \u2014 byzantsk\u00fd vojev\u016fdce Komentiolos shroma\u017e\u010fuje v Anchialu vojsko a sestavuje t\u0159i odd\u00edly pro v\u00e1lku proti Avar\u016fm a Slovan\u016fm.<\/li>\n
- 591<\/strong> \u2014 c\u00edsa\u0159 Mauricius se p\u0159ipravuje na ta\u017een\u00ed, doraz\u00ed do Anchialu a str\u00e1v\u00ed zde p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 15 dn\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Anchialos mezi Bulharskem a Byzanc\u00ed<\/h2>\n
Po vzniku bulharsk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu v roce 681 role Anchialu jako prost\u0159edn\u00edka ve vztaz\u00edch mezi Byzanc\u00ed a Bulharskem vzr\u016fst\u00e1:<\/p>\n
\n- 708<\/strong> \u2014 c\u00edsa\u0159 Justini\u00e1n II. poru\u0161\u00ed m\u00edr uzav\u0159en\u00fd s ch\u00e1nem Tervelem o t\u0159i roky d\u0159\u00edve a vyt\u00e1hne po sou\u0161i i po mo\u0159i proti mlad\u00e9mu bulharsk\u00e9mu st\u00e1tu. Doraz\u00ed k Anchialu, zakotv\u00ed lo\u010fstvo a j\u00edzdu rozlo\u017e\u00ed t\u00e1borem v poli. Bulha\u0159i za\u00fato\u010d\u00ed a Byzantince rozdrt\u00ed. C\u00edsa\u0159 se ukryje za hradbami a po t\u0159ech dnech pod\u0159e\u017ee sv\u00fdm kon\u00edm \u0161lachy a tajn\u011b odpluje do Konstantinopole.<\/li>\n
- 30. \u010dervna 763<\/strong> \u2014 p\u0159ed hradbami Anchialu utrp\u00ed bulharsk\u00e1 vojska veden\u00e1 ch\u00e1nem Telecem por\u00e1\u017eku; c\u00edsa\u0159 Konstantin V. Kopronymos oslav\u00ed v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed velkolep\u00fdm triumfem.<\/li>\n
- 21. \u010dervna 766<\/strong> \u2014 tent\u00fd\u017e Konstantin V. podnikne nov\u00e9 ta\u017een\u00ed a vy\u0161le k Anchialu 2600 t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch lod\u00ed (chelandi\u00ed) s obrovsk\u00fdm vojskem. P\u0159i kotven\u00ed se strhne bou\u0159e, velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st lod\u00ed se potop\u00ed a v\u011bt\u0161ina voj\u00e1k\u016f utone. 17. \u010dervence je c\u00edsa\u0159 nucen vr\u00e1tit se do hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta. Objeven\u00ed poz\u016fstatk\u016f tohoto obrovsk\u00e9ho lo\u010fstva je l\u00e1kadlem pro ka\u017ed\u00e9ho podmo\u0159sk\u00e9ho archeologa.<\/li>\n
- Kv\u011bten 783<\/strong> \u2014 byzantsk\u00e1 c\u00edsa\u0159ovna Irena, poru\u010dnice nezletil\u00e9ho Konstantina VI., ok\u00e1zale projede Thr\u00e1ki\u00ed a obnov\u00ed Anchialos zni\u010den\u00fd v p\u0159edchoz\u00edch boj\u00edch.<\/li>\n
- 812<\/strong> \u2014 Anchialos poprv\u00e9 spolu s dal\u0161\u00edmi jiho\u010dernomo\u0159sk\u00fdmi m\u011bsty p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00ed do bulharsk\u00fdch rukou za ch\u00e1na Kruma. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b tehdy z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 praubulharsk\u00e9 jm\u00e9no Tuthon, kter\u00e9 se v\u0161ak neprosadilo. Krum ve m\u011bst\u011b us\u00eddl\u00ed po\u010detn\u00e9 Slovany a Prabulhary. Byzanc tuto \u010d\u00e1st pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 zp\u011bt v roce 864.<\/li>\n
- 20. srpna 917<\/strong> \u2014 velk\u00e1 bitva mezi Bulhary veden\u00fdmi carem Simeonem a Byzantinci vrchn\u00edho velitele Lva Foky v poli p\u0159ed Anchialem. Byzantinci utrp\u00ed katastrof\u00e1ln\u00ed por\u00e1\u017eku a s\u00e1m vojev\u016fdce se jen tak tak zachr\u00e1n\u00ed za hradbami nesebarsk\u00e9 pevnosti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Tyto ud\u00e1losti ukazuj\u00ed velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam anchialsk\u00e9 pevnosti pro p\u0159evahu na \u010dernomo\u0159sk\u00e9m pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed i ve vnitrozem\u00ed zem\u011b v ran\u00e9m st\u0159edov\u011bku (7.\u201310. stolet\u00ed).<\/p>\n
Po roce 971, kdy Bulharsko dobyla Byzanc, je Anchialos op\u011bt byzantsk\u00fd. Dv\u011b stolet\u00ed z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 m\u011bsto byzantsk\u00fdm dr\u017eav\u00edm a jeho v\u00fdznam velk\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstavn\u00edho centra roste. Po osvobozen\u00ed Bulharska z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 m\u011bsto i nad\u00e1le \u201ejablkem sv\u00e1ru\u201c, jeho v\u00fdznam v\u0161ak postupn\u011b ustupuje sousedn\u00edmu Nesebaru. Neust\u00e1l\u00e9 st\u0159\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed vl\u00e1dc\u016f \u2014 m\u011bsto do\u010dasn\u011b p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00ed hned do jedn\u011bch, hned do druh\u00fdch rukou \u2014 se nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u011b odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed na jeho hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 situaci. V \u0159\u00edjnu 1366 se Anchialos, stejn\u011b jako ostatn\u00ed m\u011bsta na z\u00e1padn\u00edm pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed \u010cern\u00e9ho mo\u0159e, dost\u00e1v\u00e1 do rukou ben\u00e1tsk\u00fdch ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016f Amadea VI. Savojsk\u00e9ho, spojenc\u016f oslaben\u00e9 Byzance.<\/p>\n
Aby mohl st\u00e1t ve st\u0159edu t\u011bchto neust\u00e1l\u00fdch konflikt\u016f, byl Anchialos siln\u011b opevn\u011bn. Kde se st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 m\u011bsto nach\u00e1zelo? Existuje domn\u011bnka, \u017ee bylo p\u0159em\u00edst\u011bno na konec poloostrova, kde dnes le\u017e\u00ed Pomorie, v dob\u011b Irenin\u00fdch opev\u0148ovac\u00edch prac\u00ed v roce 783. Dosavadn\u00ed pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed to v\u0161ak nepotvrzuj\u00ed \u2014 s\u00eddlo se na poloostrov p\u0159esunulo pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nejd\u0159\u00edve po 12. stolet\u00ed. Stopy tohoto nov\u00e9ho Anchialu se zat\u00edm nach\u00e1zej\u00ed jen na v\u00fdchodn\u00edm konci poloostrova: zbytky hradeb ze 13.\u201314. stolet\u00ed pod tzv. Javorov\u00fdmi sk\u00e1lami.<\/p>\n
Posledn\u00ed \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011b Byzance<\/h2>\n
Takto se \u010dernomo\u0159sk\u00e1 m\u011bsta ji\u017en\u011b od Haemu do\u010dkala prvn\u00edho objeven\u00ed osmansk\u00fdch dobyvatel\u016f v \u0159\u00edjnu 1396. Po p\u016fl stolet\u00ed p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00ed Anchialos hned do byzantsk\u00fdch, hned do tureck\u00fdch rukou, a\u017e se v roce 1453 spolu s dobyt\u00edm Konstantinopole definitivn\u011b ocit\u00e1 pod osmanskou vl\u00e1dou.<\/p>\n
M\u011bsto se st\u00e1v\u00e1 centrem kazy (okresu) se t\u0159emi nahijemi \u2014 anchialskou, sozopolskou a achtopolskou \u2014 a m\u011bn\u00ed se v nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed spr\u00e1vn\u00ed st\u0159edisko jihov\u00fdchodn\u00edho Bulharska. V t\u011bchto hranic\u00edch se Anchialos spolu s karnobatsk\u00fdm krajem st\u00e1v\u00e1 rovn\u011b\u017e centrem velk\u00e9 eparchie Konstantinopolsk\u00e9ho patriarch\u00e1tu. Jeho v\u00fdznam hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho, spr\u00e1vn\u00edho a kulturn\u00edho centra se nem\u011bn\u00ed a\u017e do po\u010d\u00e1tku 19. stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Po p\u00e1du Konstantinopole se Anchialos st\u00e1v\u00e1 posledn\u00edm \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011bm \u0159ady p\u0159edstavitel\u016f byzantsk\u00e9 aristokracie \u2014 rod\u016f Palaiolog\u016f, Dukas\u016f, Kantakuzen\u016f, Chrysoverg\u016f, Vatatz\u016f a dal\u0161\u00edch. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed z nich, jako Michael Kantakuzenos, sehr\u00e1li velkou roli v hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m a kulturn\u00edm rozkv\u011btu \u010dernomo\u0159sk\u00e9ho m\u011bsta.<\/p>\n
Zdroj: pomorietown.wordpress.com<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Od thr\u00e1ck\u00e9ho s\u00eddli\u0161t\u011b a \u201em\u011bste\u010dka Apolloniat\u016f\u201c a\u017e po nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstav v Thr\u00e1kii, bitvy ch\u00e1na Kruma a cara Simeona a posledn\u00ed \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011b byzantsk\u00fdch aristokrat\u016f.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":101893,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[351],"tags":[793,791,27,795,797],"class_list":["post-101890","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-interesting","tag-anchialo","tag-pomorie","tag-27","tag-795","tag-797","post-with-thumbnail","post-with-thumbnail-icon"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n
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